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22 mars 2015 7 22 /03 /mars /2015 20:55
Le « GTIA-RECO », Un outil renseignement, une arme blindée.



21.03.2015 par CES Erwan Marçais - penseemiliterre.fr
 

Les unités de reconnaissance ne sont pas un « vieux serpent de mer », mais bien un préalable à tout engagement

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Fort des retours d’expériences des dernières opérations extérieures, de la performance de l’emploi du Groupement Tactique Inter Armes (GTIA) comme module tactique de base et de la démultiplication des moyens qu’offrira demain le système SCORPION[i], le développement d’un GTIA-R doit permettre de doter les forces terrestres d’un outil à la fois apte au combat et au renseignement. Sa mission serait alors d’acquérir du renseignement de façon dynamique, en incluant l’emploi du feu, puis à l’exploiter d’emblée afin de forcer l’ennemi à dévoiler ses intentions.

 

Ne pas se méprendre, ce GTIA-R n’a pas vocation à fournir le travail de renseignement des capteurs spécialisés, préalable à toute opération, pour dresser le mapping des positions identifiées. S’il peut sans conteste le compléter, y concourir ou l’accélérer en fonction de l’appréciation de la menace, il permettra surtout de lever les indéterminations sur l’ennemi, d’en étendre sa connaissance, d’en amoindrir sa capacité de surprise, de le façonner par des opérations de shaping : de le reconnaitre !

 

Un concept simple et redoutable

« You can never have too much reconnaissance »,  War As I knew it, 1947, Gen. George S. Patton Jr.

Ses caractéristiques principales sont sa puissance de feu, a minima directe (canon et missile), sa capacité d’investigation, sa souplesse d’emploi et sa grande mobilité. Ce bataillon pourra ainsi conjuguer trois grandes fonctions : le renseignement, la sûreté et le combat, dans le but de créer la surprise chez l’ennemi pour le forcer à dévoiler ses intentions. C’est donc, au moment de l’affrontement, un échange de contact contre du renseignement.

Ainsi, il pourrait constituer l’unité qui permet à l’autorité d’emploi, situé entre le niveau 3 et 2, de préserver sa liberté d’action et d’intervenir à tout moment sur l’ensemble de sa zone d’action. Formé à partir d’un noyau blindé à deux ou trois escadrons et d’un ou deux escadrons de reconnaissance et d’intervention (ERI), il serait doté de capacités d’observation et d’acquisition de renseignement tactique en propre. En effet, il s’agit pour ce bataillon, par la dominante de sa mission, de détenir en propre des capteurs techniques lui permettant de décupler sa capacité d’observation au-delà de la vue directe (de type micro-drones), de localiser des émissions électromagnétiques ou de détecter des mouvements dans sa zone d’engagement, i.e. de disposer de moyens techniques d’appui renseignement au contact. Comme tout GTIA, il pourrait également intégrer des éléments d’infanterie, d’aérocombat, d’appuis, de soutien comme de renseignement spécialisé.

 

En doctrine, il s’agit de faire converger deux visions traditionnelles du renseignement tactique, vu exclusivement comme celui acquis soit par l’observation - spécialisée ou non - et en évitant tout contact physique avec l’ennemi, soit par le feu, en s’attachant à combiner les avantages de ces deux vues autour d’une structure permettant à la fois la reconnaissance de combat et l’acquisition du renseignement. Car, dans la lettre, s’il s’agit de proposer un pion de manœuvre articulé pour acquérir du renseignement tactique au contact, il s’agit bien, dans l’esprit, de « façonner l’ennemi », i.e. le forcer à dévoiler son dispositif et ses intentions par la manœuvre et par le feu, tout en lui imposant au mieux notre volonté, à défaut en l’empêchant de se réorganiser.

Dans son RETEX sur l’engagement de sa brigade à SERVAL, le général de brigade Kolodziej notait que 80% du renseignement d’origine humain provenait d’unités de cavalerie, et que cette dernière avait une capacité à renseigner puis à l’exploiter sans délais, ce qui avait largement prévalu au succès de l’engagement de la 6ème BLB.

Fort de cette expérience, on peut penser qu’en développant une structure blindée davantage dotée en moyens d’observation et d’acquisition de renseignement tactique, organisée pour exploiter ce supplément de renseignement, le GTIA-R devrait pleinement répondre aux exigences des combats actuels et à venir.

 

Une conjoncture favorable

Ces dernières années est apparu le besoin pour les unités de développer un certain nombre de qualités fondamentales, que l’on trouve en tête des différents manuels d’emploi – toutes armes confondues – et que le GTIA-R pourrait incarner selon des proportions répondant aux besoins de sa mission première. Ainsi :

  • La polyvalence et la réversibilité des unités apparaissent aujourd’hui comme vitales, afin de compenser d’une part une certaine faiblesse numérique et d’autre part, afin de faire face à la multitude des scenarii que l’ennemi hybride peut nous imposer, en une même phase de combat. Cette tendance devrait augmenter dans les années à venir. Ainsi, le GTIA-R, en fonction de l’effet à obtenir, pourra offrir au chef interarmes la possibilité de privilégier soit le renseignement par l’observation, soit par le feu ; il devrait également être en mesure d’effectuer des missions plus conventionnelles, communes aux unités blindées. Enfin, dans le cadre d’un engagement sur le territoire national, il confèrerait une grande liberté d’action à son autorité d’emploi par son aptitude à mailler le terrain pour y déceler un changement.

  • Le renseignement apparait de plus en plus dimensionnant dans la conduite des opérations actuelles,  face à un ennemi hybride, se fondant dans un milieu terrestre hétérogène ; il semble aujourd’hui s’acquérir beaucoup plus par le contact et l’échange que par l’observation à distance, même si le renseignement « technique » reste indispensable.

  • L’ubiquité des forces déployées est aujourd’hui plus que nécessaire, de par l’extension des zones de conflit et la tendance à l’organisation ennemie par ilots de résistance ; aussi il est capital  de déployer des capteurs là où le besoin en renseignement est le plus pressant, et ce, rapidement et en sûreté. L’ubiquité est à coupler à la « sur-vivabilité » des unités blindées, plus résilientes grâce à une manœuvre sous blindage.

  • L’aptitude à se concentrer / déconcentrer dans de brefs délais, ce qui est une caractéristique des unités de cavalerie, reconnue pour à la fois centraliser le commandement et  décentraliser l’exécution. Elle permet d’user soit de discrétion, soit de fulgurance, toujours en sûreté. Cette aptitude sera accrue grâce à SCORPION. Aussi, ce type de GTIA permettra la pleine expression de son aptitude à la reconnaissance (combinaison de la mobilité opérative, de l’autonomie, de la furtivité, de l’éloignement des centres de commandement et de logistique) et au combat (dimension du feu, de la mobilité tactique et de la protection face à l’adversaire).

  • L’emploi des capteurs spécialisés, aux capacités d’auto-défense très limitées, mais qui représentent une ressource riche, comptée, et à haute valeur ajoutée. Ils nécessitent donc d’être employés dans une structure solide et sure, pertinente en termes d’effet à obtenir, leur permettant la pleine expression de leurs compétences, et évitant leur usure dans le temps. Aussi le GTIA-R serait une structure à favoriser pour permettre le plein emploi des capteurs de la Batterie de Renseignement Brigade ou de la Brigade Renseignement.

  • L’emploi des moyens ISR (Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance) est plus efficace[ii] dans une action d’ensemble, tournée vers la recherche d’une compréhension de la situation ; c’est précisément ce qu’offre le GTIA-R.

 

Un ennemi polymorphe « à reconnaître » avant tout…

Il est admis de considérer que dans les décennies à venir, les guerres de haute et basse intensité cohabiteront, passant de l’une à l’autre « sur un même théâtre, dans une sorte d’entrechat permanent »[iii]. Aussi, elles comporteront des combats au milieu de population, à la masse toujours croissante, et dont le poids et l’inculture exploités habilement compenseront le tout technologique, sur des espaces affranchis de tout type de frontière par le biais des nouvelles techniques d’information et de communication (NTIC), s’organisant parfois en zone urbaine. Dans ce contexte, la mission de reconnaissance permettra toujours de clarifier une situation tactique, en engageant éventuellement le combat en temps qu’action de renseignement.

 

Ainsi, ce type de GTIA est particulièrement apte à obtenir des effets décisifs face aux différentes formes de menaces, à l’heure où la victoire semble se jouer sur l’aptitude à identifier puis contraindre la volonté de l’adversaire de combattre plutôt qu’à en rechercher son anéantissement. En effet :

  • Dans un combat symétrique, le GTIA-R devra surtout user de sa capacité de sûreté pour employer au mieux ses capacités de renseignement, et n’employer les feux que sur des cibles à haute valeur ajoutée. La nature de ce GTIA le rend plus particulièrement apte à prendre l’ascendant au moment opportun en combinant furtivité, dispersion, mobilité, protection blindée, feux directs, variés et précis, étagés de 0 à 4000m. Sa mission type serait alors d’éclairer ou de faire de la contre-reconnaissance.

  • Dans un combat dissymétrique, le GTIA-R apparait comme particulièrement apte pour repérer, localiser, identifier l’ennemi, voire en neutraliser son centre de gravité.

  • Dans un combat asymétrique, ou l’ennemi compense sa faiblesse qualitative par une dispersion, une forte mobilité, le choix du terrain, l’action au sein des populations, l’emploi de la terreur, une communication ciblée… rendant inopérante notre supériorité technologique, le GTIA disposera, de par nature, d’atouts techniques et humains lui permettant de bousculer l’ennemi, voire de le poursuivre. La capacité de ré-articulation rapide (changement de posture ou bascule rapide d’efforts) compenseront également l’asymétrie de la menace.

 

Le principe de la « boucle courte » comme clé du succès

Le GTIA-R doit répondre à un besoin particulier en renseignement, dont la recherche et l’exploitation peuvent nécessiter de prendre et de préciser le contact avec l’ennemi. Ce postulat impose donc un noyau dur à dominante blindée, adapté à la mission (aptitude à porter des feux ou à couvrir de vastes zones), au terrain (chenille ou roue), à l’ennemi (quel effet sur quel type d’ennemi ?), tout en respectant les sept principes de constitution d’un GTIA.

 

Dans le cas d’un renfort en capteurs spécialisés, l’organisation de la circulation des données au sein du GTIA-R doit permettre d’accélérer la transmission du renseignement par la mise en place du principe de « boucle courte ». Il s’agirait alors d’insérer tout d’abord les capteurs spécialisés sur le réseau opérationnel du GTIA (ou des SGTIA, en fonction de leur détachement) pour communiquer le 3I[1] sous forme d’information commentée, puis à  organiser le « S2 densifié » de façon à exploiter rapidement les informations collectées par l’ensemble du GTIA-R. Ce S2 pourrait ainsi produire un renseignement élaboré pour nourrir directement la boucle décisionnelle du GTIA d’une part, et pour permettre son exploitation par l’orientation de la manœuvre en cours d’autre part. En effet, la capacité à conduire une action plus rapidement que l’adversaire, puis d’en maîtriser son tempo, est devenu aujourd’hui plus que déterminante. Ce souci constant des chefs de GTIA a démontré toute sa pertinence en Afghanistan[2] puis durant l’opération SERVAL; elle en sera particulièrement facilitée par la composante SIC-S du système SCORPION.

 

Qu’en est-il chez nos alliés ?

 

Les britanniques ont déjà tranché, en choisissant de ne plus avoir de structures permanentes de reconnaissance. Ils les constituent en génération de force, les préparent et les entrainent pour les engager en opération (Irak et Afghanistan dernièrement), avant de les dissoudre à leur retour dans le but d’instiller les savoir-faire acquis à l’ensemble de leurs bataillons. Ces structures disposaient, à l’image de ce que préconisé dans cet article, à la fois d’unité embarquées, débarquées, et de capteurs spécialisés. On peut donc en déduire que nous recherchons ici à développer le même type de structure, soit un GTIA plutôt qu’un régiment.

 

Les américains sont réputés pour une approche pragmatique, donc en constante évolution. Celle-ci est très bien retracée dans l’ouvrage de Robert S. Cameron, historien spécialiste du combat embarqué, qui a analysé l’évolution de leur Cavalerie, depuis la fin de la première Guerre mondiale à nos jours[iv].

Ainsi, après les durs engagements irakien et afghan, l’US Army cherche à présent à se détourner de la COunter-INsurgency (COIN), qui a été la pensée dominante et structurante ces dix dernières années, pour revenir aux fondamentaux de l’engagement des forces terrestres, c’est-à-dire à la manœuvre[v]. Disposant, jusqu’à la réorganisation des brigades au début des années 2000, des Armor Cavalry Regiments, anciennes unités de reconnaissance des divisions, possédant leurs propres chars, blindés de reconnaissance et hélicoptères, l’US Army a fait le choix, depuis, de brigades de surveillance du champ de bataille (axées sur l’acquisition et l’analyse du renseignement d’origine technique et humain). Fort des enseignements des derniers engagements, et dans le cadre du plan Army 2020, il est aujourd’hui préconisé de réintroduire, au sein des Brigade Combat Team, un Reconnaissance Squadron (niveau bataillon), apte au combat débarqué (éclaireurs) et embarqué (chars), disposant de moyens d’appui organique, de capacités de reconnaissance génie et NRBC, et de moyens d’observation et d’acquisition de renseignements tactiques. Soit un véritable GTIA-R en somme !

Les derniers enseignements de l’US Army nous précisent aussi que l’accent sera tout particulièrement porté sur la formation des unités de reconnaissance, à la fois dans le format embarqué, débarqué et héliporté. Car il s’agit de replacer les opérations de reconnaissance et de sécurité au cœur de la manœuvre. Cette combinaison des moyens comme des postures est une réponse adaptée à la complexité des menaces.

 

Le GTIA-R, par le spectre des missions couvertes, son aptitude au renseignement tactique, sa capacité à exploiter le renseignement collecté « d’emblée », est une unité à haute valeur ajoutée pour son autorité d’emploi. Elle permettrait d’économiser des pions tactiques pour répondre plus rapidement à un besoin particulier en renseignement, de lever une indétermination, d’ôter tout risque de menace surprise dans les espaces lacunaires, de contrarier l’ennemi en le forçant à réagir, tout en permettant à tout moment des bascules d’effort rapides et une gradation des effets en conduite.

Sun Tzu, au Vème ou VIème siècle avant Jésus-Christ, assurait déjà une vie éternelle aux unités de reconnaissance, lorsqu’il écrivait dans son traité, L’Art de la Guerre, « qui connaît l’autre et se connaît, en cent combats ne sera point défait ». De notre capacité à adapter nos outils de défense aux leçons tirées de nos engagements passés et analysés dans le temps long, dépendra notre aptitude à faire face aux menaces en tout genre.

 
 
 
 

 


[1] Immediat Interest Intelligence, ou Renseignement d’Intérêt Immédiat

[2] « Les capteurs spécialisés employés par le S2 de GTIA doivent s’engager dans l’analyse des informations collectées pour donner des conclusions/déductions, et non qu’une information brute. Le S2 a besoin d’informations brutes, commentées par le capteur pour analyser plus rapidement et rester concentré sur l’orientation et la coordination du RENS, et fournir au chef les moyens de conduire sa manœuvre » (RETEX à l’usage des cadres de contact 2012/1, CDEF).

 

[i] SCORPION est le projet de l’armée de Terre qui fédère les opérations de modernisation et de renouvellement des équipements majeurs des forces terrestres de contact, et qui vise à accroître l’efficacité opérationnelle du GTIA par une démarche globale qui intègre et coordonne dès la conception, les différents aspects opérationnels, techniques et financiers.

[ii] Des retours d’expérience (RETEX) du Mali, il ressort que les opérations contre les Groupes Armés Terroristes (GAT) ont été bénéfiques grâce à la combinaison fructueuse de 5 conditions : l’approche indirecte de la zone d’action, la capacité à durer sur le terrain pour peser sur l’adversaire, la mobilité, la capacité de décentralisation de la manœuvre au niveau des Unités Elémentaires (UE) et le renseignement (complémentarité des moyens ROHUM/ROEM/ROIM, priorisation des points d’intérêts, analyse des informations et transmission du renseignement rapides).

[iii] Tactique théorique, GDI Michel Yakovleff, préambule, édition 2007.

[iv] Fight or Not To Fight, Organizational and Doctrinal Trends in Mounted Maneuver Reconnaissance from the Interwar Years to Operation IRAQI FREEDOM, Combat Studies Institute Press, US Army Combined Arms Center, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas.

[v] Fiche sur « Les unités de reconnaissance des Brigade Combat Teams américains », par le LCL Frédéric Aubanel, officier de liaison Terre, Maneuver center of Excellence, Fort Benning, USA.

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3 mars 2015 2 03 /03 /mars /2015 08:20
Special Amphibious Reconnaissance Corpsman (SARC)


2 mars 2015 US Navy

 

This comprehensive course crams multiple years of Trauma instruction into just a little over 9 months, including the clinical rotation, a sought after skill not only in the civilian medical community but also in combat.

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2 octobre 2014 4 02 /10 /octobre /2014 11:35
P180 Avanti II - photo Piaggio Aero Industries

P180 Avanti II - photo Piaggio Aero Industries

 

01 Oktober 2014 Defense Studies


The Royal Thai Air Force’s deputy chief of air staff, Air Chief Marshal Sutthiphan Kritsanakhup and Piaggio Aero Industries’ government sales director Francescomaria Tuccillo on 29 September reached an agreement in Rome for the delivery of one P180 Avanti II in a new photographic reconnaissance configuration.

Reached in the presence of Italian air force chief of staff Gen Pasquale Preziosa, the agreement will lead to a contract signing on 30 September. This will coincide with a Royal Thai Air Force delegation visiting Piaggio Aero’s new main facility in Villanova d’Albenga, near Savona, north-west Italy.

The Thai officials have already visited the Italian air force's 14th Wing, which is equipped with Avanti IIs in transport and special mission configurations, and its multi-crew training centre at Pratica di Mare air base, to receive information on the training capabilities that the service could provide to its Thai counterpart.

(FlightGlobal)

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15 septembre 2014 1 15 /09 /septembre /2014 14:30
Irak: première mission de reconnaissance aérienne

Décollage de deux avions Rafale depuis la base aérienne 104, stationnée à Al Dhafra, aux Emirats Arabes Unis.

 

15/09/2014 Sources : EMA

 

Ce matin, le 15 septembre 2014, deux avions Rafale de l’armée de l’Air ont décollé de la base aérienne française 104 d’Al Dhafra, aux Emirats Arabes Unis, pour effectuer une mission de reconnaissance au-dessus de l’Irak.

 

Réalisée sous le contrôle tactique du contre-amiral Beaussant, amiral commandant la zone Océan Indien (ALINDIEN), cette mission est effectuée en étroite coordination avec les autorités irakiennes et nos alliés présents dans la région.

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2 septembre 2014 2 02 /09 /septembre /2014 16:50
NATO Joint Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance - How It Works

 

source NATO

 

NATO continues to develop key capabilities to protect the security and freedom of its members.

 

Joint Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance (JISR) is one of these capabilities.  It is a combination of processes, systems, and people, including air, ground, maritime, and space assets, which feed into one “fused” report.

JISR is vital for all military operations, it provides information and intelligence to decision-makers and action-takers, helping them make informed, timely and accurate decisions.

This animation demonstrates how JISR works.

For more information, please see: http://goo.gl/rCiKgb

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19 juin 2014 4 19 /06 /juin /2014 07:30
Buggy blindé !

Le "Combatguard" d'Israël Military Industries renouvelle le genre du blindé de reconnaissance... Photo Frédéric Lert

 

18 juin, 2014 Frédéric Lert (FOB)

 

C’est un des véhicules les plus surprenants d’Eurosatory : Israël Military Industries (IMI) a présenté sur son stand pendant Eurosatory le 4×4 « Combatguard », véhicule de reconnaissance, hybride entre MRAP et buggy californien… Le Combatguard, qui a été développé très rapidement sur fonds propres par IMI, comprend une capsule centrale blindée, haut perchée sur quatre roues ballons. La protection contre les tirs de roquettes est assuré par le système Iron First également fourni par IMI. De six à huit personnes peuvent prendre place dans la cabine blindée, avec une arme automatique sur le toit. L’accès se fait par une large porte latérale qui s’ouvre avec deux battants, vers le haut et le bas. Le Combatguard est relativement léger pour un véhicule de ce type (8 tonnes en ordre de marche) et puissamment motorisé avec un moteur diesel de 6,5l développant 300 cv. Ses très grandes roues lui offrent surtout d’étonnantes capacités tout terrain, au prix toutefois d’une silhouette très haute et d’un encombrement important.

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19 mars 2014 3 19 /03 /mars /2014 08:35
LM to Maintain Reconnaissance Aircraft Systems for Republic of Korea

 

 

Mar 17, 2014 ASDNews Source : Lockheed Martin Corporation

 

The U.S. Air Force Life Cycle Management Center awarded Lockheed Martin [NYSE: LMT] a foreign military sales contract to support the Republic of Korea’s Peace Krypton reconnaissance aircraft system. This contract is valued at approximately $9 million.

 

Lockheed Martin has been providing sustainment engineering and logistics support to the Republic of Korea since 1996, the year that the corporation was awarded the prime contract to develop the Peace Krypton system.

 

Read more

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25 septembre 2013 3 25 /09 /septembre /2013 17:20
DoD to Shrink JIEDDO, Realign ISR Task Force

Sep. 24, 2013  MARCUS WEISGERBER - c4isrnet.com

 

WASHINGTON — The Pentagon plans to shrink its organization tasked with defeating roadside bombs and reorganize other quick-reaction task forces born out of more than a decade of counterinsurgency operations in Afghanistan and Iraq.

 

The decision by senior U.S. Defense Department officials to truncate the Joint Improvised Explosive Device Defeat Organization (JIEDDO) and realign the Intelligence Surveillance and Reconnaissance (ISR) Task Force comes after a year of debate over how to institutionalize these entities.

 

The reorganizations were set in motion by Deputy Defense Secretary Ashton Carter in a memo earlier this month.

 

DoD officials had been contemplating three options for JIEDDO’s future: Eliminate the organization; break up its duties among the military services through a process called disaggregation; or restructure JIEDDO into a smaller office within the Office of the Secretary of Defense (OSD).

 

JIEDDO’s mission will continue to evolve, a defense official said. The organization’s “evolution will continue to support DoD efforts to retain a flexible and an agile force and also the ability to respond to urgent warfighter needs as they may arise.”

 

Defense officials are still determining the specifics of the downsizing, and the final path forward is still to be determined and pending the budget review process.

 

Senior JIEDDO officials, during a recent visit to Afghanistan, said the organization will be smaller but should maintain some of its most important capabilities, according to a DoD press article.

 

“If you look at the mission statement for JIEDDO, it’s to defeat the IED as a weapon of strategic influence,” Maj. Gen. Patrick Higgins, JIEDDO’s deputy director, said in the article. “Now I’m not ready to come out yet and say ‘mission accomplished,’ but if you look at the work over the last decade of war, what we have done in Iraq and what we are in the process of doing here, that is demonstratively proven.”

 

JIEDDO officials must submit a drawdown plan to OSD in the their 2015 budget proposal. JIEDDO should reach its lower staff level in 2017.

 

As for the ISR Task Force, Michael Vickers, the undersecretary for intelligence, must submit a plan to align the organization as a “permanent entity” within his directorate.

 

“The transitioned organization will be staffed appropriately to enable rapid fielding of new ISR capabilities in support of global warfighter requirement,” Carter wrote in a memo.

 

In addition, Pentagon Comptroller Robert Hale and the head of the Joint Rapid Acquisition Cell have been tasked with institutionalizing the funding process for urgent battlefield needs.

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22 août 2013 4 22 /08 /août /2013 16:35
India to deliver reconnaissance helicopters to Afghan armed forces

Thu Aug 22 By Ghanizada - khaama.com

 

India may deliver military equipments including weaponry and aircraft to Afghanistan, the visiting Afghan delegation to India, headed by second vice-president Mohammad Karim Khalili said.

 

The officials further added that the military equipment will be handed over to the Afghan military in the near future.

 

Afghanistan army chief of staff, Gen. Sher Mohammad Karimi is also accompanying the second vice-president Mohammad Karim Khalili during his visit to India.

 

The delegation met with a number of high level Indian government officials including the second vice-president of India Hamid Ansari, to discuss the bilateral cooperation between the two countries.

 

Gen. Sher Mohammad Karimi quoted by Afghanistan’s 1TV Media said, the government of India has vowed to provide a number of reconnaissance helicopters to the Afghan military.

 

Mr. Karimi further added that the government of Afghanistan expects New Delhi’s cooperation in providing helicopters and training of the Afghan pilots, besides providing training to Afghan armed forces.

 

In the meantime, the Indian vice-president Hamid Ansari said, New Delhi is committed to rebuild Afghanistan as a stable, democratic and prosperous country and hoped that the two nations can overcome the challenge posed by terrorism.

 

“India does not have an exit strategy. With the conviction that we shared a common past and that we are destined to share a common future, India will continue to contribute, within its capabilities, in the re-building of Afghanistan,” Mr. Ansari said.

 

He said India remains committed to implement the Strategic Partnership Agreement signed between the two countries in October 2011. The agreement articulates the future areas of cooperation between the two countries in diverse spheres.

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25 juillet 2013 4 25 /07 /juillet /2013 18:50
Time to Cancel FRES SV?

by in

 

 

 

Can UOR equipment provide a viable alternative for Cavalry regiments ?

 

Introduction

In this article I will attempt to bring together a number of threads that are based on current events, but also based on ongoing discussions in the comment threads of this site, as pertaining to various inter-related subjects. There are a number of distinct elements, but the overall theme is that of Armoured Reconnaissance in the British Armies FF2020 organizational structure.

Specific themes include:

  • Taking UOR kit into the core fleets
  • Getting the greatest value for money in a time of tight budgets
  • The role of the armoured cavalry regiments
  • The continued requirement for FRES Scout in a smaller army

Hopefully I will be able to bring these threads together to make a cohesive argument for what is I believe to be a fairly modest proposal, as given away by my suitable contentious and attention grabbing headline – that we can cancel FRES SV and spend the money elsewhere.

 

Armoured Reconnaissance, cavalry roles, and FF2020

There has been considerable discussion across the comment threads of various TD articles on the shape and form of armoured reconnaissance capabilities, and what kind of kit should replace the large number of venerable CVR(T) platforms that used to equip what were once calledFormation Reconnaissance Regiments”.

It might be said that the armour branch of the British Army has been in continual flux since the end of the Cold War; and due to the many and varied attempts to replace CVR(T) that pre-dated the existing FRES Scout programme, the armoured Recce role in particular has been in a somewhat confused state of doctrinal development, versus deployed reality in the middle east. We benefit on this site in having an Ex-Cavalry Officer, a serving member of the Singapore Armed Forces with a recce role, and other experts all of whom have varying opinions. Of course opinions are just that, they cannot be wrong nor are they universally “right” and as in any military endeavor there is rarely a single “one size fits all” solution to a particular problem set.

Personally I have been a supporter of the FRES Scout capability (if not the chosen vehicle) and 30 plus tonnes of what is essentially a Infantry Fighting Vehicle to replace the far lighter weight CVR(T) seemed like the right way to enhance protection on the modern battlefield for the Cavalry regiments. Herein lies the crux of the size, weight and capability arguments to me – Cavalry regiments have traditionally had roles above and beyond reconnaissance.

These have included:

  • Screening the main force
  • Rear guard for the main force
  • Flank guards
  • Rear area security
  • Response force (to assist in plugging gaps and preventing enemy breakthroughs)

On paper at least, all of these roles were ascribed to Cold War BAOR Armoured Reconnaissance Regiments equipped with lightweight CVR(T) series vehicles. Of course the fact that they are “armoured recce” regiments, also means advancing to contact with known / unknown enemy forces in order to “fight for information”.  This is where the arguments – sorry – discussions (!) normally begin in the comment threads, with the tension between fighting for information versus stealthy acquisition of such information.  The proponents of the stealth approach eschew protection for mobility, firepower for situational awareness and revel in the capabilities provided by modern optical / optronic and other sensors in assisting their desire to remained undetected by, and “not in contact” with the enemy.

However for the sake of simplifying concepts and categorizing capabilities with nice neat labels, we might say this is the difference between “armoured recce” where the mere fact of being armoured suggests fighting for information, and “surveillance”.

Either way, whichever style, concept of operations or tactical doctrine the reader prefers, the army that presided over the last few decades of failed programmes eventually chose a vehicle based on the General Dynamics Ascod 2 IFV to be the FRES Scout – the armoured recce platform of the future.  The Venn diagram below attempts to take the standard Iron Triangle and add in the “recce” element, showing the FRES Scout in the sweet spot in the centre of the overlapping capabilities.

I have also added some of the other vehicles available to the army to show extremes of protection and firepower (Challenger 2 MBT for both), the new Scimitar MK2 in the intersection of mobility, firepower (30mm cannon) and STA (new optics, thermal imager etc) and the Husky in the intersection of mobility, STA and protection – although I this case the point I am making is that the protection is relative to the Jackal 2. This is a point I shall return to later, at which point hopefully my intention will be more clear.

9339936677 64b33e2029 z Time to Cancel FRES SV?

 

Do we still need FRES Scout ?

So, onto the contentious main thrust of my modest proposal, to first ask a question: with the smaller army and new force structure of FF2020 do we still need FRES Scout or indeed the tracked Common Base Platform of the FRES SV family at all ?

As I have noted, I don’t have a problem with the size, shape, weight or capability of the FRES Scout, I am not a massive fan of light weight tracked or wheeled alternatives.  No, I ask the question based on the force structure and value for money propositions.

When FRES Scout was originally envisioned, and indeed when it was chosen in it’s current Ascod 2 incarnation, we had 7 Formation Reconnaissance Regiments.  Unit’s that could be assigned as a Divisional asset, with lots of CVR)(T) series vehicles in a Regiment, and BAOR Armoured Regiments had even more CVR(T) vehicles, with each having their own Close Recce Troop of 8 x Scimitar.  So there were a lot of Cavalry / Armoured Recce units, and a lot of vehicles that needed replacing.

However that is not the reality of today’s army or that of the near future. Instead we have:

  • 3 x Heavy Cavalry / Armoured Recce units in the Reaction Force
  • 3 x Light Cavalry units in the Adaptive Force

So we now have only 3 regiments destined to receive a fairly small number of FRES Scout, while the 3 Light Cavalry regiments and their aligned Reserve force Yeomanry Regiments are to be equipped with wheeled vehicles, mostly Jackal 2 for the regulars, and LR Wolf WMIK for the Yeomanry (at least in the interim). Tellingly there is no “to be replaced by FRES Scout” note against these Light Cavalry Regiments in the FF2020 glossy brochures.

However there are factors other than the Scout variant requirements to take into account. FRES SV was to replace 100’s of remaining FV432 series vehicles, and CVR(T) series vehicles other than the Scimitar. Command vehicles, ambulances, signals vehicles, repair and recovery vehicles used by Armoured Regiments, Armoured Infantry, Armoured Combat Engineer units etc etc…..

Up to 125 Warrior variants maybe updated for some of these roles under the Armoured Battlefields Support Variant (ABSV) project as part of the Warrior Capability Sustainment Programme – but even for a smaller army, 125 such vehicles is not enough. Even if the FRES Utility programme was also meant to replace some FV432 series vehicles as well as the AT105 Saxon and some CVR(T) family members,  FRES UV will be a wheeled vehicle and there remain a large-ish number of pretty old tracked armoured support vehicles to replace with some urgency.  Let’s return to this subject after we examine the return of UOR kit, and it’s absorption into the core fleets.

 

UOR to Core

As we now know, a large amount, probably the majority, of vehicles procured under Urgent Operational Requirements (UOR) for operations in Afghanistan is to be returned to the UK and absorbed into the ‘core fleets’ of the army. The one vehicle type mentioned that appears to have been axed is the Warthog, but I will return to this momentarily.

The Venn diagram below shows 4 major factors in the decision to take UOR vehicles into the future as ‘core’ equipment.  Realistically we can’t always hit the sweet spot in the middle (red x marks the spot), but we maybe able to fit into one of the other intersections, providing a “good enough” capability with existing UOR kit, and within the budgetary constraints currently imposed.

9339936537 30b6777feb z Time to Cancel FRES SV?

 

According to Wikipedia, roughly we are talking about the following numbers of UOR vehicles:

  • Mastiff – 350 ish
  • Ridgeback – 168 (including Command, Ambulance and Weapons carrier)
  • Husky TSV – approx 350 (including Command, Ambulance and new Recovery variants)
  • Jackal 2 / 2A – 250
  • Coyote – 70
  • Warthog – 100
  • Scmitar Mk 2 – 60

Many of the numbers are “ ish “ because articles quoting procurement numbers are often contradictory, and I can’t find numbers for losses in country.

We know the Mastiff is going to be the mount for the 3 x Mechanised Infantry battalions of the Reaction Force, there being plenty of them for this role, including command vehicles, enough to carry the mortars, be out fitted as ambulances etc. No doubt others will remain with, or going into storage for RE EOD units.

However what I am interested in, is maximizing return on investment and value for money by use of various of these UOR vehicles in the Cavalry / Armoured Recce Roles.

 

A modest proposal – leverage the kit we already have instead of procuring FRES Scout

If we can bin the Nimrod MR4 at such a late stage in the project, surely we can bin the FRES Scout, and utilize existing equipment ? We may use the FRES SV programme budget to enhance these existing vehicles, and perhaps make ‘top up’ purchases to get numbers to where we need them to be.  The remainder of the FRES SV budget could then go to FRES UV ! As anyone who has read my pieces before will know, I believe Infantry should only be “light” for a very good reason (Marines, Airborne, Airmobile, Alpine) and that having Infantry battalions in the “General Purpose – Light” role simply because we can’t afford enough armoured (or “protected”) vehicles is just not good enough for such a small army on the non-linear and asymmetric battlefield. So diverting money to FRES UV seems like a good idea, but we digress………..

There are many forms of battlefield recce, from the Infantry Recce platoon crawling through undergrowth under cover of darkness to achieve a good over watch point, to Royal Corps of Signals units intercepting and direction finding enemy communications and other electronic emissions. Royal Artillery UAV’s, from Desert Hawk to Watchkeeper, Lynx and even Longbow radar equipped Apache’s of the Army Air Corps. In this context I believe that the role of the Cavalry Regiment, when tasked with Recce should be non-stealthy, survivable and capable of fighting for information during high tempo maneuver warfare.

That said, the role of the Formation Recce Regiment as the eyes and ears of the Division seem to have been replaced in current operational doctrine with the “Brigade Reconnaissance Force” (BRF)as the task oriented construct, which maybe based around the core provided by a Cavalry Regiment. Although many of our readers / commentor’s do not seem to understand the innate flexibility of a task oriented organizational structure, arguing for units that are dedicated to specific tasks; those of us who are ex-army will probably agree the ability to task organize and form battle groups and other composite units and sub-units as required to undertake the task at hand is at the core of the British Armies operational flexibility.

So for the new Brigades that form the Reaction Force, and the 3 planned brigades that can be pulled together from the pool of Adaptive Force units, I can see a BRF being created based around the Cavalry Regiment, but including Infantry Recce platoons, STA and air assets etc, as shown in the diagram below:

9342723086 a5b35b9cdc z Time to Cancel FRES SV?

 

Therefore with this context set, let us move onto the details for the modest proposals.

 

Modest Proposal 1 – the Light Cavalry Regiments

At the moment it would appear that the 3 regular Light Cavalry Regiments of the Adaptive Force will be equipped with the Jackal 2 vehicle, as we have a large number of them returning from theatre. Personally I have big issues with the Jackal, mainly as any vehicle in this mine / IED centric universe that seats the crew over the front axle is simply not good enough.  Also despite the much vaunted situational awareness benefits,  I don’t like it at all for the “Cavalry” role. However, we do have a lot of them, so I would push the Jackal 2 into the Recce platoon role for the Mastiff mounted Mechanised Infantry. I would also push it into the Support Coy’s of these battalions, for use by the MG Platoon and even Anti-Tank platoon as it is undoubtedly a pretty good weapons platform. We probably have enough to also equip the Light Protected Mobility Infantry Battalions (those to be equipped with Foxhounds) in the same way.  We have them, we are going to keep them, lets use them, but just not for Cavalry roles.

For the 3 Light Cavalry Regiments I would pull together all the Husky TSV models. With approx 350 on the books, including the base variant with an open weapons station mounting a 7.62mm MG, command and ambulance variants, and even a new recovery variant, we could have 3 regiments that use variants of the same vehicle for the majority of their sub units.  For Regimental HQ, a bigger aid post, and general purpose usage, the Light Cav could utilize some of the approx. 168 Ridgeback vehicles in service. On the theme of UOR Kit,  I have not seen anything about what is going to happen to the Hirtenberger 60mm mortars that were purchased, but I would pass them all to these Light Cav Regiments, more for their utility in dropping smoke screens and provide IR / white light illumination than for HE.

The majority of the Husky’s might retain the current open topped, manned “weapons station” with .50 cal M2 or 40mm H&K GMG, however some might be equipped with the full Selex Roadmaster suite with both mast mounted sensors and RWS. Even better, an Anti-tank version would have its RWS equipped with a Javelin launcher – hey I did say we could use some of the FRES Scout money to enhance the UOR Kit as required !

Some additional Husky’s for the Reserve Yeomanry Recce regiments would be a good idea. With the Whole Fleet Management concept, and the role of these regiments in supporting their aligned Regular Adaptable Forces regiment, perhaps enough to provide a single squadron’s worth of vehicles per regiment would be enough, with UK based troop and squadron level training using the LR WMIK’s ?

On a slight side note, the un-armoured Navistar MXT upon which the Husky TSV is based was one of 9 originally selected contenders for the Operational Utility Vehicle order before it was cancelled, and morphed in to the dormant requirement for a Multi-Role Vehicle (Protected).  With the various versions of the Husky already in service, plus the new Navistar MXT-VA APC variant, perhaps we should just bite the bullet, indulge in some standardization and just take the Husky on as MRV-P ? It does not offer the protection levels of the much more expensive Foxhound, but it doesn’t need to meet this requirement.  I am sure the APC version is at least offering the same levels of protection as the old Saxon did ?

 

Heavy Cavalry – the Challenger 2 Recce Variant

Oh yes, I went there…….

In one comment thread, our illustrious leader TD himself suggested if we want a “heavy” Cavalry Armoured Recce vehicle, why not go the whole way and use a Challenger, just as U.S. Army Cavalry regiments are equipped with M1A1.

While I understand there is a considerable difference in mass between a 30 plus tonne FRES Scout Ascod 2 and 60 tonne plus Chally 2, with all the Recce, Surveillance and Target Acquisition assets we at our finger tips outside of the Armoured Recce regiment, why not lever the upcoming the Chally upgrade programme, the fact that we have existing and spare vehicles in storage and save our selves a lot of money !

TD covered the Challenger 2 LEP in this article.  With the more powerful but smaller engine leaving space for perhaps a diesel genny APU, for quiet fuel efficient power generation for running the sensors and comms kit,  new optical sensors, the additional RWS (and thus optical / thermal sensor channel) of the Theatre Entry Standard kit etc,  a Chally 2 for Recce use would potentially have an excellent multi-channel optical sensor capability.  This could perhaps be further enhanced with other elements of the full Selex Road Marshal suite as TD described in this article.

Perhaps we would just need an armoured box on the turret roof into which the mast mounted sight could be retracted ?

The Heavy Cavalry Regiment does not need to all heavy though.  Although I am on record as stating CV(T) is too light and not well enough protected to fight for information, again we have spent cash on upgrading a whole bunch of these vehicles for operations in Afghanistan, so why not lever that investment and add a squadron of these vehicles to our Heavy Cav regiment ?  With 60 ‘brand new” Scimitar 2 light armoured recce vehicles, and an unknown (to me via Google) number of remanufactured Spartan APC, Sultan command vehicle, Samaritan ambulances and Samson recovery vehicles, all with new hulls offering enhanced protection, more powerful diesel engines and upgraded suspension; we would appear to have enough to add a 16 vehicle Scimitar 2 “Close Recce Squadron” plus enough of the other variants for Squadron and Regiment HQ’s, and even an STA troop with battlefield radar etc (as per the old Formation Recce Regiment).

Again if we have an amount of the FRES SV budget to spend, why not upgrade the remaining Stormer based ex-StarStreak and Shielder vehicles that are still in storage – extra space is always appreciated in command vehicles and ambulances.

 

Heavy, medium and light capabilities integrated into a Reaction Forces “Brigade Reconnaissance Force”

So to answer the undoubted criticism that the Chally 2 is just too heavy for the way we have traditionally conducted armoured recce ops, lets look at how it can fit into a range of capabilities available to the Brigade commander of a deployed brigade of the Reaction Forces.

Obviously you can’t strip all of the constituent units recce capabilities, as they still need their own limited capabilities for use at their more local level, on  the more constrained operational frontage of a particular battle group. However please don’t get to caught up in the details, this is just an example.  Also don’t forget that other UOR kit that applies but is not specifically depicted might include a Desert Hawk unit, and Apache and Watchkeeper, plus RA Warrior FST vehicles etc.

The other capability not depicted is that which would sit at Brigade HQ in the form of the Intelligence cell and the C3 capabilities required to pull together the outputs and disseminate the consolidated intelligence picture to combat units.

9342722862 640037c932 z Time to Cancel FRES SV?

 

 

Tracked Armoured Support Vehicles

We have 100 Warthog vehicles that apparently are not being integrated into the core vehicle fleet. As noted at the beginning of this article, part of the FRES SV programme is to deliver command vehicles, ambulances and larger ‘aid post’ vehicles, and other tracked armoured support vehicles to replace up to hundreds of old FV432 family vehicles. So again, keeping the Warthog, and potentially buying a few more seems to provide an alternative to various types in the FRES SV “Common Base Vehicle” family.

I understand that the Warthog would not be as well armoured or as well protected, but as previously noted, with a considerably smaller army, with a commitment to deploy a division at the most (based on best efforts) perhaps the Warrior upgrade programme will provide enough of the better protected support vehicles.

So the 100 Warthogs could certainly equip armoured ambulance units, and other CSS elements. If we wanted to make our Reaction Forces Armoured Brigades fully tracked, perhaps an additional buy of Warthog for the  3 Mechanised Battalions would allow the Mastiff to be passed down to the Adaptable Forces Protected Mobility Infantry battalions.

 

Summary and conclusions

In summary my modest proposal is to lever the UOR kit that we already own to enable the required Armoured Cavalry capabilities within the bigger set of ISTAR capabilities for the Army FF2020 order of battle.

I would suggest cancellation of FRES Scout and the FRES SV family, spending the budget elsewhere, including enhancements to the UOR equipment, including additional procurement. I really don’t see that the FF2020 orbat is big enough to warrant the FRES SV and it’s considerable expenditure anymore. The UOR kit, Chally 2 Recce Variant etc could keep us running well into the 2020’s and longer.

With funds diverted to the FRES UV requirement, with the tracked equipment in the Reaction Forces, perhaps we could dive into collaboration with the French who need to replace over 1000 VAB’s; or go with the RG35, but we don’t really need a heavy 8 x 8 IFV for this armoured utility role.

Looking further forward into the future, eventually we will need to replace Chally 2 just as our European NATO allies will need to replace a lot of Leopard 2’s – perhaps a common heavy chassis, suspension and drive train will provide for a front or rear mounted engine to provide an MBT, a heavy IFV and heavy APC (e.g. similar to the Namer), with Scout and other variants as required.

OK guys,  I will hand it over to the comment section now, so you can rip my modest proposals to bits.

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16 avril 2013 2 16 /04 /avril /2013 11:12
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28 mars 2013 4 28 /03 /mars /2013 13:51

http://assets.digital.cabinet-office.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/image_data/file/8370/s300_16x-2013-025-0279g.jpg

British and Italian soldiers work together during Exercise

Eagle Eye [Picture: Corporal Obi Igbo, Crown copyright]

 

28 March 2013 Ministry of Defence

 

The eyes and ears of the British Army's rapid reaction force have been tested on a tough training exercise with their Italian counterparts.

 

Exercise Eagle Eye saw reconnaissance troops from 16 Air Assault Brigade work alongside the Italian Brigata Paracadutisti Folgore in Monte Romano, near Rome.

 

The aim of the training was to test the brigade’s full range of intelligence, surveillance, target acquisition, and reconnaissance (ISTAR) capabilities, and share techniques and tactics with their Italian counterparts.

 

After joint training on basic skills, the exercise built up to an assault on a simulated terrorist camp.

 

Ahead of the attack, British and Italian soldiers worked together behind enemy lines on the ISTAR skills of securing and marking drop and landing zones for paratroopers and helicopters, checking routes were suitable for troops and vehicles to use, intercepting communications and carrying out surveillance from concealed observation posts to build up a detailed picture of the target.

Italian and UK soldiers
Italian and British soldiers joint training on basic skills during Exercise Eagles Eye [Picture: Corporal Obi Igbo, Crown copyright]

The British units taking part included D Squadron Household Cavalry Regiment (D Sqn HCR), 5th Regiment Royal Artillery, 23 Engineer Regiment (Air Assault), 3rd Battalion The Parachute Regiment (3 PARA) and Pathfinders.

All provide soldiers for the Air Assault Task Force, which is ready to deploy anywhere in the world at short notice to conduct the full spectrum of military operations, from non-combatant evacuation operations to warfighting.

Captain Ben Neary, of 3 PARA, said:

The success of any operation is down to the intelligence that the plan is built around and this exercise has been about testing our capabilities to gather and act on information. I command 3 PARA’s patrols platoon and our role is to put troops just ahead of the main force to learn about enemy movements and the ground conditions.

 

It’s been a great experience to share our skills with Italian paratroopers. After a long operation in Afghanistan, both armies are regenerating the specialist capabilities of their airborne forces to be ready for future operations. The Italians have been humble in asking for our advice, but they’re very capable and it’s been more of an exchange of ideas.
A paratrooper
A paratrooper dropping towards a marked landing zone during Exercise Eagle Eye [Picture: Corporal Obi Igbo, Crown copyright]

The strike was carried out by D Sqn HCR, who swapped their core role of conducting reconnaissance patrols in the Scimitar armoured vehicle for an infantry-style operation. Troops were dropped by helicopter at night to covertly march on the target.

 

Lance Corporal of Horse Mark Doran, aged 29 from Shrewsbury, said:

As a unit we’re looking to develop our infantry capabilities and this has been a good chance to practice the basic skills in the field. It’s very tough terrain to move and fight in and we haven’t slept for two days, but everyone has performed well.

 

Having Italians with us has added to the challenge but been very enjoyable. At first the language barrier was quite difficult, but we’ve all learned a few words of each others language.

Household Cavalry soldiers
Having swapped their core role of conducting reconnaissance patrols, Household Cavalry soldiers exercise as an infantry force [Picture: Corporal Obi Igbo, Crown copyright]

Captain Bruno Ambrosini, of the Italian Savoia Cavalleria Regiment, worked with D Sqn HCR as his unit is changing to perform the same airborne cavalry role.

 

He said:

It’s been very hard training but an excellent opportunity to learn from the British, who are NATO allies we have served alongside on operations.

 

It’s really good to exchange procedures and knowledge in training, so we can successfully develop our forces and work better with the British in the future.

UK and Italian reconnaissance troops
UK and Italian reconnaissance troops on Exercise Eagle Eye [Picture: Corporal Obi Igbo, Crown copyright]
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